Does the rotation of auditors improve the quality of auditing Essay - 4

Does the pivot of inspectors improve the nature of evaluating - Essay Example It merits referencing that the job of review turn in improving the principles and the efficiencies of review is appropriately considered as one of the significant determinants of review quality. It is emphatically accepted that more drawn out residency of a reviewer joins with lower nature of review and in this unique circumstance, it tends to be certified that the pivot of examiners require to be taken into worry so as to upgrade review quality all in all. In this current day setting, deceptions and cheats have risen impressively that in the long run forces broad effects upon review quality. The deceptions alongside the fakes have been seemingly made owing the increasing interests of the partners and furthermore the proprietors having a place with different business associations. ... Examining the Principle Need for Rotation of Auditors Impact on Auditor’s Independence It is very apparent that the intermittent pivot of reviewers assumes an unequivocal job in improving the evaluating nature of the customer organization by an impressive degree. It very well may be evidently seen that the revolution of examiners can be led both inside and remotely. The auditor’s pivot in both of these structures is properly viewed as one of the central determinants of improving review quality. This is inferable from the reasons of forestalling the auditor’s depending connection with the supervisory group of the customer associations and separating between the evaluating procedure led by non-capital market and capital market situated enterprises. So as to decide the effect of auditor’s revolution on the freedom of the evaluators, it very well may be asserted that the sway of the examiners stays a lot of constrained with regards to reviewing because of the presence of a unique trust connection winning among them and the supervisory crew of the customer associations. Therefore, with this worry, it tends to be attested that the freedom of the evaluators to a great extent depend upon the interrelation, which win between the reviewers and the supervisory crew. Uncommonly referencing, the guideline requirement for turn of inspectors force impressive effect on auditor’s exhibitions, causing them to perform both reviewing alongside counseling administrations and safeguarding the evaluating procedure morally, independent of having close interrelation with the supervisory crew of various associations (Velte and Stiglbauer, 2012). Relief of Conflict of Interests Apart from portraying the standard requirement for turn of reviewers in restricting the independency of the examiners, it can likewise be attested that

Blood Brothers By Willy Russell Analysis Essay Example For Students

Kindred spirits By Willy Russell Analysis Essay Kindred spirits by Willy Russell is a typical notable play, acted in numerous spots. In this play, there are numerous subjects which Russell needs us to consider, for example, odd notion, class status, destitution and parenthood. Parenthood assumes an enormous job in this play as it begins structure the start and proceeds towards the end. This play is around two twins who were isolated during childbirth, and Mrs Johnstone having the option to adapt to her eight youngsters, Mrs Lyons and the way that she has a mystery of the past, which remains with her all through the play. This exposition will concentrate on Mrs Lyons and Mrs Johnstone and how their connections and perspectives towards one another are created and how the mystery of detachment influenced the job of motherhood. In the 1960s, Liverpool got referred to everywhere throughout the world as the home of the Mersey Beat. This was one of the most broad scope of ability in any cutting edge city. Russell sets Blood Brothers in 1960s Liverpool and the crowd sees the two siblings grow up through 1970s Liverpool, a period of monstrous re-advancement and high joblessness. The two ladies show the crowd various mentalities to parenthood, social class, neediness and odd notion. Mrs Johnstone is the primary character in the play; she has nine youngsters, one in which is parted with. Mrs Johnstones spouse has left her and she needs to live in destitution and the absence of typical necessities. Mrs Johnstone was in urgent need of cash and gets a new line of work similar to a cleaner at an affluent family of Mr and Mrs Lyons, small realize that Mrs Lyons is well off on the grounds that she says that its so large, implying that her home is huge and that Mrs Johnstone needs to clean the enormous house to procure cash. Here the connection between Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons is very ordinary, and it appears that nothing will turn out badly. Anyway Mrs Lyons disposition changes when she discovers that her cleaner is anticipating twins, Twins? Youre anticipating twins?, this is the place Mrs Lyons parenthood act begins to show since she constantly needed a youngster yet couldnt have one and she realizes that Mrs Johnstone can't cope. At the beginning of this segment we find that Mrs Johnstone is working for Mrs Lyons as a cleaner, unmistakably Mrs Johnstone likes Mrs Lyons and her activity, Its such an exquisite house its a delight to clean it. Mrs Lyons unmistakably enjoys her pretty house however finds fairly huge at present, plainly she is forlorn, somewhat on the grounds that she has no youngsters and in light of the fact that her significant other is away, hellfire return in five months time, it is additionally clear that Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons are very agreeable, they get along together, yet here and there neglects her own emotions, we believed that kids would go along. As they talk, plainly they discover it very characteristic to have babies, Having babies resembles perfect timing to me; Mrs Johnstone is flabbergasted that Mrs Lyons can't have youngsters and Mr Lyons is against selection. Now Mrs Johnstones mentality towards parenthood is very normal; anyway pressure is made here in light of the fact that the crowd realizes that acting common methods something negative is going to happen. When Mrs Lyons gets some answers concerning Mrs Johnstone having twins, she chooses to have one of them straight away, Give one to me she says, here we discover that Mrs Lyons is edgy and realizes that Mrs Johnstone as of now has a bunch of kids. .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 , .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .postImageUrl , .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 , .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:hover , .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:visited , .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:active { border:0!important; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:active , .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u4147df4e36ba3597b afa0ccc656453b9 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u4147df4e36ba3597bafa0ccc656453b9:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Charles Dickens' Hard Times and Langston Hughes' EssayAt first Mrs Johnstone is hesitant about this thought, yet after some idea and Mrs Lyons driving positive thoughts and trust into her idea, Mrs Johnstone concurs, yet Mrs Lyons needs to ensure that Mrs Johnstone doesnt alter her perspective and tells Mrs Johnstone that they should settle on an authoritative understanding, this gives her distress and fervor in having her own kid, however it likewise shows how genuine she is about this arrangement and wary. This makes pressure since we wonder if Mrs Johnstone will concur mind the agreement.

Complete Guide to Psychological Pricing

Complete Guide to Psychological Pricing Have you ever been to a store and wondered why that batch of your favourite chocolate costs $5.99 or the nice sweater costs $398? Did you ever ask why a hotel room costs $199.99 a night and not $200? Did you ever feel that most of the price tags around you are somewhat odd?If you felt theres something at play here, you would be perfectly right! Those one cent or one dollar discounts play a very special role in marketing. These odd prices actually give the illusion that you are paying drastically less than you actually are. So, to the conventional human mind, $199.99 seems closer to $100 than to $200, just because it starts with 1. Odd pricing is a part of something that experts call psychological pricing. © Shutterstock.com | astephanIn this article, you will learn about 1) an introduction to the psychology of pricing and 2) leading pricing strategies based on psychology.INTRODUCTION INTO PSYCHOLOGICAL PRICINGWhat is psychological pricing?Psychological pricing is a pricing tactic that takes advantage of a customers emotional response to certain price points in order to enhance sales prospects. Psychological pricing uses unusual pricing conventions to make products or services look significantly cheaper than they actually are. Psychological pricing is designed to appeal to a customers emotional side and not his rational side.Psychological pricing endeavours to keep products within stipulated mental barriers of the conventional customer, with marginal reduction in prices.For example, consider the two price tags, $100 and $99. The first price tag is a three-digit figure and breaks the customers mental barrier of favouring a two-digit price. The second price tag gets within that barrier by just discounting one dollar. This little difference often goes a long way into convincing the customer that the product is reasonably priced and makes the difference between a sale and a no sale.Although rational thinking should make it comprehensible to the customer that the price difference between a round figure and a psychological price is meagre, often times, he is compelled to act irrationally. Thats because the human mind processes prices from the left-most digit first. Since psychological pricing brings price tags to the next lower tens (or hundreds, or thousands, and so on) when processed from the left, it creates an illusion that the value is closer to the left-most digit, when it is actually exactly the opposite.The concept of psychological pricing is not new in fact, it is more than a century old. It started as a price war between newspapers during the late 1800s, and by the early 1900s, Bata, a former Czechoslovakian shoe-maker introduced it famous decimal 99 prices . The concept caught on and today, psychological pricing is omnipresent, right from fuel prices to real estate.Rationale of odd pricingA study of the psyche of a conventional customer, and of the human mind, in general, reveals certain traits that are almost universal. These traits have been demonstrated time and again in fairly regular patterns by customers, so much that certain rationales can safely be established with respect to odd pricing.Rationale 1 Customers round off to the lowest figure. A product tagged at $7.99 will most likely be rounded off to the lower figure, i.e. $7, although it is much closer to $8. Since people have a limited capacity to process or store numbers mentally, they lay much more emphasis to the left-most digit and lose track as they move to the right.Rationale 2 Odd pricing creates an illusion that the product is tagged at the lowest possible price. Odd prices appeal to the customer psyche as being specific and thus, honest. On the other hand, rounded -off price tags look manipulated and thus, somewhat dishonest.Rationale 3 Customers are attracted to the digit 9. The power of 9 in marketing can never be overstated. Right since the 1800s, prices ending in 9 (or 0.99) have conveyed to the customer that they are getting change back in the form of a cent or a dollar or more, which is always welcome.Common end digits of pricesBy the middle of the twentieth century, statistics showed that two-thirds of all sampled price tags ended in an odd digit. Prices ending in 9 were always the most popular, followed by those ending in 5. In fact, four out of every five items in retail stores had prices that either ended in a 9 or a 5.A study conducted in 1995 on 1188 sampled price tags throws some interesting results. Below, we illustrate the results for all prices ending in digits 0 through 9.Ending in 0 89 items (7.5%)Ending in 1 3 items (0.26%)Ending in 2 3 items (0.26%)Ending in 3 9 items (0.76%)Ending in 4 3 items (0.26%)Ending in 5 34 0 items (28.6%)Ending in 6 3 items (0.26%)Ending in 7 5 items (0.4%)Ending in 8 119 items (1.0%)Ending in 9 721 items (60.7%)From the above study, it was observed that almost 90% of all sampled prices ended in either 9 or 5. Round figure price tags commanded only a 7.5% share, while prices ending in either of the rest of the numbers were more or less insignificant. The enormous value of odd numbers in pricing can thus safely be established.Another study conducted in New York postulated that women are more susceptible to be attracted to odd pricing than men.[cp_modal id=cp_id_75506] [/cp_modal]Advantages Disadvantages of Psychological PricingPsychological pricing has its own set of merits and demerits.Advantages of psychological pricing:Psychological pricing puts products into specific price segments or bands. Segmenting odd prices always puts them into the lower price bands, thus instantly presenting themselves as being of higher value to the customer. For example, the rounded-off price of $100 falls within the price band $100 $199, while the psychological price of $99 falls in the next lower band, i.e. $1 $99.Psychological pricing introduces the illusion of incremental discounts, thus pushing sales to an extent. However, the efficacy of this argument is uncertain.Psychological pricing establishes control and accountability in the cashier. Since whole dollars are much easier to steal than loose change, it is, hypothetically, very difficult to steal money obtained by selling oddly priced products. For example, when a cashier gets a 100-dollar note for a $100 item he just sold, it is easy for him to steal the note. But when he sells a $99 item, he is either getting several banknotes (tens, ones, etc.) from the customer, or is returning change from the cash register. This makes it difficult for him to steal.Psychological pricing can help segregate discounted products from regular-priced ones. Discounted products can always be oddly priced for easy identification.Disadvantages of psychological pricing:Since psychological pricing uses fractional or decimal prices, it makes it difficult for cashiers to calculate the amount due or change due to the customer when compared to rounded-off prices.Many customers employ rationale rather than emotion while buying, and this is increasingly becoming the case. Rational customers cannot be manipulated by psychological pricing and will not be attracted by odd prices, since they will tend to round off prices to the next higher amount. For example, a rational customer will see $7.99 as $8 and not as $7.THE ANATOMY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PRICING ITS BEST STRATEGIESHow to use Psychological Pricing to charm the customer Methods and Strategies you should follow to attain that irresistible priceThe list of psychological pricing strategies is huge. We will explain a step-by-step procedure into using psychological pricing to your advantage.Strategy #1: Define your priceIt is an exhaustive process to determine the correct price for your product. A lot of research goes into understanding the human psyche in its response to psychological prices. The goal is to either find that pricing sweet spot or to continually make adjustments to your price so that it becomes the most effective.Charm Pricing: We have established before that a human mind is naturally attracted to odd prices. This attraction has given rise to the concept of charm pricing. Charm prices typically end in 9, 99 or 95. The charm is not just in the 9s or the 5s in the price tag, but also in the left-most digit in the price.Appropriate Rounding: Appropriately rounded prices also go a long way into attracting more customers. Many customers would find it difficult to process prices that have fractions and are not rounded, say $99.84. However, they are easily able to process the next rounded number, which is $100. A price that is easily processed strikes the right chords with the customer. However, theres a contradiction with rounded prices. A lot of people perceive rounded-off price tags like $100, $3000, etc. as manipulated and stay away. So, the best bet is to do the following when you are targeting an emotional purchase, you can resort to appropriate rounding; and when you are to make a rational sale, its best to have a price with fractions.Strategy #2: Comparing and Optimizing PricingComparison and optimization are two psychological pricing strategies that marketers have been increasingly resorting to.Comparing pricing: The primary strategy most of them follow is to price their products in direct comparison to their competitors products. This way, by keeping their prices slightly lower than their competitors, marketers build a case for themselves with their prospective customers. Although this strategy works with many products, in certain scenarios, it doesnt. In fact, there are many products (e.g. medicines) that do not fit into this price war. As a matter of fact, providing comparative discounts on these products will create a negative impression that the products are of inferior quality, and customers will associate heightened risk with buying these products. An interesting phenomenon is the effect of useless prices or decoy products. According to Dan Ariely, a professor of psychology and behavioural economics, price points play a very pivotal role in subliminally affecting a customers perceived value of a product. Dan experimented with three price points (1) A web-only subscription, valued at $59, (2) A print-only version valued at $125 and (3) A complete package of web and print ver sions at $125. In this case, the second price point is obviously a useless price, since for the exact same price, a customer would be able to buy the complete web + print package. However, when the second price point is discarded, the entire perspective changes. It becomes apparent that the second price point was there just to provide an illusion that option (3) was an excellent bargain in comparison. But without option (2), option (3) suddenly looked far-fetched and unreasonable. Thus, Dan concluded that certain useless price points help change customers perspective from looking for a bargain to looking for good value.Optimizing pricing: An important observation made by marketing experts is that it is most often a better proposition to sell time over money. Customers always form a personal connection with a product that they deem good and cherish the time they spent using it. Thus, from a business perspective, referring to time instead of money will be seen as more favourable by su ch customers, and this will lead to better sales prospects. According to Jennifer Aaker, the General Atlantic Professor of Marketing at Stanford Graduate School of Business, almost half of all advertisements she studied made references to time instead of money. In an experiment conducted by Aaker and her co-author, Cassie Mogilner, three stands selling lemonade were set up with prices ranging from $1 to $3. These stands were manned by two six-year-old children. The catch was that the three stands used three different advertising slogans to woo customers. While one of the signs was neutral and only advertised the product, another sign coaxed would-be customers to spend some time and enjoy the lemonade. The third wheedled customers to spend a little money and enjoy the drink. The results were dramatic the stand that coaxed customers to spend some time attracted double the number of customers who were willing to spend twice as much for the drink.Strategy #3: Influence the perception o f your priceHow your price is perceived goes a long way into determining whether or not your product has a sales potential.The psychology of 9 and the Decimal 99: Look around any market or store and you will find that a majority of the prices end in 9. The reason why this happens is obvious it works! An experiment jointly conducted by MIT and the University of Chicago had the same item of womens clothing priced differently at $34, $39 and $44. While common logic dictates that the ones priced at $34 should have been the best sellers, clearly this wasnt the case. Actually, the items priced at $39 sold the most. Now, moving on to prices that end in .99, the logic is pretty similar. However, prices that end in 99 cents also, albeit hypothetically, force the cashier to open the cash register and pay back a cent in change, making it difficult for them to pocket whole dollar bills. But, of course, this is an old theory that doesnt make much sense nowadays, since most bills are paid by car ds.The power of context: Context plays a very important role in pricing. The same article will seem to be of better value when another identical article is introduced at a higher price. For example, a bag of peanuts costs around 30 cents in the grocery store. But the same bag costs up to a dollar at the airport. Once you are at the airport browsing the price of a bag of peanuts, it would immediately strike you as unfair that you have to pay more than three times for the same article. Suddenly, the 30 cent price at the grocery store seems very high value in the context of the airport. In a similar fashion, it is much easier to sell a briefcase priced at $100 when it is placed next to another one priced at $300.Split pricing: The underlying logic behind split pricing is this: People always tend to be attracted to a price that seems visually lower. While customers still end up paying the same amount, split pricing manages to catch the fancy of their subconscious mind. This is the reaso n why many stores only emphasize on their base price for commodities. Whether it is a slice of pizza or an article of clothing or a car at a dealership, the displayed price is most often the base price, without adding taxes, handling charges and shipping charges. This is done to have a more positive effect on the customer, to force them to perceive that they are paying less when they are actually not. Another way to achieve this end is to offer to receive payment through instalments. A television set that is advertised at a flat rate of $500 will look less appealing compared to one which is advertised as 5 instalments of $100. Clearly, the subconscious mind of the customer compares $500 with $100. Similar results can be obtained by displaying the daily price equivalence instead of the monthly instalment. So, $3.33 / day sounds a lot cheaper than $100 / month, when both of them are essentially the same rate.Size and position of the price: Size and position of prices also play an impo rtant role in deciding price perception. It has been established that the physical size of the price tag and its position can affect a buyers perception. Typically, displaying the price in a smaller font will convey the perception that the price is smaller, more so when it is displayed next to another reference price in a larger font. Also, placing the price tag at the bottom left creates a perception of a smaller price. Punctuation plays another important role in price perception. It has been noticed that avoiding commas in prices decreases the number of syllables in the price, thus creating the perception of a smaller price.Using Anchoring: Anchoring is a process in auctions where negotiations are started at a higher price. This higher price is called the anchor point. It is possible to generate higher revenue at an auction by setting high reserve prices or anchor points. Also, it is best to have a non-rounded price as the anchor price in order to establish credibility. For an art icle to be auctioned at a starting bid of $50, it is best to have the anchor point at say, $76.55 instead of $70 or $80.Strategy #5: Changing the priceIncreasing prices of your products is inevitable in the current state of the economy. However, it is a tough job to convince customers about the rationale behind a price rise. In that scenario, it is best to follow the following strategies:Small increase but more frequently: There is a postulate known as Just Noticeable Difference (or, JND). This is the process of increasing prices by very small, barely noticeable margins in a frequent manner. Regular, marginal price increases will ensure that the customer is not too alarmed and will also help the company in coping with inflation on a regular basis. For example, a product that is originally priced at $40.99 can be marginally increased to $41.99 in the second month and then to $42.99 in the third month and so on, instead of directly shooting the price up from $40.99 to $45.99 after fiv e months.Less features but the same price: The Just Noticeable Difference postulate can also be used to marginally reduce features of a product without changing the price. Many companies resort to marginally reducing the dimensions of a product in a proportionate manner in order to lower production costs and to maintain profit margins without increasing prices or alarming the customer.

The Design Argument for the Existence of God Essay

The Design Argument for the Existence of God While theology may take Gods existence as absolutely necessary on the basis of authority, faith, or discovery, many philosophers have thought it possible to demonstrate by reason that there must be a God. The teleological argument, also known as the argument from design quite simply states that a designer must exist since the universe and living things display elements of design in their order, consistency, unity and pattern. The argument says that things in the world move towards goals, just as the arrow does not move toward its goal except by the archers directing it. Consequently there must be an intelligent designer who directs all things to their†¦show more content†¦Many components of nature appear to be very finely tuned for this, and the odds against this happening by chance are astronomical. Criticisms against these are the principles of self-organisation and evolution which provide complete explanations for apparent design and the odds against all possible unive rses are equally astronomical, yet one of them must be the actual universe. b, The idea that God exists and that he is the architect to serve the purpose that the universe is designed proves subjective. Different observations in the natural world can produce different theories to account for their existence. Also, the proof is built on analogy, thus if we find there are things in the universe that are disordered, then by analogy, the would imply there is no designer. Another thing wrong with the argument is that it is not obvious that the universe or living things are intelligently designed. Science, such as physics and biology, can prove that not everything that has a design is intelligently designed: There cannot be design without a designer; contrivance without a contriver ... The marks of design are too strong to be got over. Design must have had a designer. That designer must have been a person. That person is GOD (Paley). This seems logical because objects, such as a watch or a computer, have a design and therefore somebody had to design it.Show MoreRelatedThe Design Argument For The Existence Of God1286 Words   |  6 PagesONE The design argument for the existence of God follows the model: 1) In nature, things appear to work together for a clear purpose. 2) The best explanation for these relationships is that God designed these things. 3) Therefore, God exists, as he was the one who designed nature. This argument contends that an intelligent designer of the world does exist, and structured the universe so that most natural things fit together for a clear purpose. We can recognize that things in nature seemRead MoreThe Design Arguments For The Existence Of God1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe design arguments for the existence of God center on the principle that an intelligent designer, in this case God, has crafted our world so that each item has a purpose and significant meaning. Additionally, the world is a complex and sometimes enigmatic system of elements which work together to sustain life in a way that some argue is unlikely to have occurred by pure chance alone. Therefore, some philosophers credit a divine being as the source of this order and purpose in the universe. FurthermoreRead MoreThe Design Argument for the Existence of God Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesThe Design Argument for the Existence of God The basis and structure towards the Design Argument is all about a creator and designer whom set things and planned everything to be the way it is today. Unlike the cosmological argument, the Design Argument is a lot simpler to understand and has simple steps towards it. The main point that the Design Argument claims is the fact that everything in nature seems to be put together in just the right manner suggests that an intelligentRead MoreDoes God Exist?1074 Words   |  5 PagesDoes God Exist ? 1. What role do arguments play in answering this question? I think arguments have played an important role in analyzing and understanding the depth of this question, for mankind. Although the question itself seems factual (either it does or it doesn t), yet no arguments have been able to answer this question conclusively, despite many debates going on for centuries. One possible reason for that inconclusiveness may lie in our intuition and the way, humans define God and existenceRead MoreLimitations of the Arguments towards the Existence of God Essays1302 Words   |  6 Pagesconception of god is defined as the superme being that is all-powerful, all-knowing, omnipresence, perfection, all-loving and most kind. Although monotheism like Christian believe God which is perfect existed and they propose several arguments to prove God’ existence, however there are no evidence to show that god actually exist. Atheists suggested those arguments provide insufficient reason to believe. Furthermore, some arguments propose that it is possible to disprove the existence of God, or of certainRead MoreDoes God Exist?668 Words   |  3 Pagesculture has its God. Christianity and Islam have their own god; the Romans and Greeks had their Pantheon. A lot of people believe in god have thought that there is more to life the material world around us. It seems arises naturally the world over by believing in god. Does God exist? I believe in God is exists by the philosophical argument: ontological argument, the first cause argument, the argument form design, and the moral argument. Arguments relate to the existence of God are in differentRead MoreThe Design Argument : The Theory Argument1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe Design Argument In the past hundred years, a great debate has shaken the foundation religious and scientific beliefs of society. Philosophers have been arguing about such a debate for hundreds of years, but there does not seem to be any consensus on whether on the existence of god and the universe. The ancient world never battled over such questions, rather they had accepted the fact that the natural world was created by some being. However, as society made major advancements, the questionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article On Being An Atheist By H. J. Gilman1664 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral arguments as â€Å"proof† of God’s non-existence to support his atheism. He attacks arguments made by advocates on the existence of God. The arguments argued by Theist are not arguments for proof of God’s existence but are arguments for definitive beliefs of God’s existence. Any argument on proving the Almighty God’s existence is unsatisfactory. The Theist does not attempt to offer â€Å"proof† of God’s existence but rather offer arguments that are the best explanations of the existence of God. MerelyRead MoreTwo Philosophical Arguments for the Existence of God1460 Words   |  6 Pagesto Compare and evaluate two philosophical arguments for the existence of God. Throughout the course of this essay we shall examine two of the major philosophical arguments for the existence of God. The arguments that we are going to focus on shall be the Design argument and the Ontological argument. We shall compare, evaluate and discuss both the Design (or teleological) argument for the existence of God and the Ontological Argument for the existence of God, as well as highlighting philosophical criticismsRead MoreAquinas’ has five proofs for Gods existence. His first proof is an argument from motion. Nothing600 Words   |  3 PagesAquinas’ has five proofs for Gods existence. His first proof is an argument from motion. Nothing can move itself unless it was placed into motion. His second proof is an argument from efficient causes. We experience a series of efficient causes of things. I didn’t exist to my prior existence. Nothing before exists. Nothing can be caused by itself. The third proof is the argument from possibility and necessity. We find natural things that are possible to be and not to be. Things come in and out of

Book Review of Sandal - 1245 Words

In Justice: Whats the Right Thing to Do? (2009), Michael J. Sandal argues that politics and society require a common moral purpose beyond the assertion of natural rights like life liberty and property or the utilitarian calculus of increasing pleasure and minimizing pain for the greatest number of people. He would move beyond both John Locke and Jeremy Bentham in asserting that a just society cant be achieved simply by maximizing utility or by securing freedom of choice (Sandal 261). Justice and morality involve making judgments on a wide variety of issues, including inequality of wealth and incomes, discrimination against women and minorities, CEP pay, government bailouts of banks and public education. Politics should take moral and spiritual questions seriously and not only on issues like sexual orientation and abortion, but also broad economic and civil concerns (Sandal 262). Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King added this moral dimension to U.S. politics in the 1960s when they c riticized the Vietnam War, poverty and racial inequality and appealed to a sense of community (Sandal 263). So did Barack Obama in his 2008 campaign, although in practice achieving a politics of the common good in American society has been difficult, given the Lockean, natural rights basis of its 18th Century Constitution. Sandal would go much further in the direction of using government and the political system to uphold morality and the common good than John Locke, who was mainlyShow MoreRelatedMalala Yousafzai Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesIn Malala Yousafzai’s book,I Am Malala, she reveals true moments that occurred in her life including tragic, life-changing events. In this excerpt with adjectives and adverbs intact, imagery is incredibly prevalent. As a reader emotions are stirred and anticipation is built as the words fly across the page. 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Language Arts For Students With Learning Disabilities Education Essay Free Essays

string(109) " with disablements must have appropriate auxiliary instruction services and adjustments \[ 34 CFR A §A §200\." The intent of this qualitative instance survey is to look into the extent to which auxiliary instruction service plans deliver instructional patterns in Language Arts to upper simple pupils with larning disablements. The job addressed the extent to which holding experienced and trained forces able to guarantee pupils ‘ IEPs are in close alliance with auxiliary instruction service instructional programs is indispensable in bettering pupil accomplishment for upper simple pupils with larning disablements and the challenges directors and school coordinators have when supplying services to pupils with larning disablements. With a important sum of importance being put on the per centum of pupils hiting proficient on province English/ Language Arts trial supplemental instruction services has become and continues to be a valuable resource for educational leaders, instructors, decision makers and parents in the predicament to keep schools and instructors accountable under the No Child L eft Behind Act of 2002 current answerability system. We will write a custom essay sample on Language Arts For Students With Learning Disabilities Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This qualitative instance survey will research the challenges one Virginia school territory faced when supplying auxiliary instruction services to upper simple pupils with larning disablements. The research inquiries addressed the challenges SES directors and school coordinators face when supplying SES services to pupils with larning disablements. The research methodological analysis includes a qualitative instance survey design which investigates the relationships and forms through the experiences of participants. A qualitative methodological analysis was selected to obtain a better apprehension of the experiences and perceptual experiences SES directors and school coordinators face when supplying SES services to pupils with larning disablements. This survey will research the demand for experient forces who are prepared to guarantee that the pupils with larning disablements SES programs are in closer alliance with their IEP. The consequences of this survey could help auxiliary inst ruction services and schools with coaction through webs, partnerships, and confederations within and beyond the school puting in garnering a broader extended cognition of larning schemes for pupils with larning disablements in auxiliary instruction services plans. Auxiliary Education Services Instructional Practices in Language Arts and Math for Elementary Students with Learning Disabilities By Sharon R. Carter B.S. , Hampton University, 1998 M.A. , Cambridge College, 2006 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education Administrative Leadership for Teaching and Learning Walden University April 2011 Dedication To my hubby whose love and support enabled me to go on my surveies and do this a possibility and to my grandchildren who have been a approval to our household. Recognitions I would wish show my deepest grasp to my commission chair Dr. Lora Bailey and the 2nd commission member, Dr. Michael Cass. I am indebted to the many co-workers who have supported me throughout my classs. I would wish to thank my hubby for without his support I would wish to thank all my old professors at Walden University who have made available their support in a figure of ways. Without their counsel this thesis would non hold been possible. It has been a pleasance to analyze at Walden University. I owe my deepest gratitude to all the professors at Walden University. I would wish to thank God for I would non be successful without God who guides me in my mundane life and activities ; I thank Him for the good wellness he has given to me, and for the success in my surveies. Table OF CONTENTS Research Design and Approach 28 Menace to Validity 28 Data Collection Procedures 28 Data Analysis Procedures 28 Role of the Researcher 28 Participants Rights 28 Drumhead 28 Mentions 35 Appendix A: Title of Appendix Error: Reference beginning non found Curriculum Vitae Error: Reference beginning non found List OF TABLES Table 1. # Table 2. # Table 3. Summary of Findings # Chapter 1: Introduction to the survey Since No Child left Behind Act of 2002 passed the trust on pupil public presentation on English, Language Arts trial to keep pedagogues and schools accountable to the province answerability system has become progressively indispensable. The No Child left Behind Act of 2002 current answerability system places considerable weight on the per centum of pupils hiting proficient on province English, Language Arts trials. Under No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 each province must set up pupil public presentation benchmarks and place schools non doing equal annual advancement ( AYP ) through province specific appraisals McQuillan A ; Salomon-Fernandez ( 2008 ) . As Lee ( 2004 ) explains the current accountably system is based on the concluding end of holding all public school pupils proficient in English, Language Arts by 2014. As McQuillan A ; Salomon-Fernandez ( 2008 ) explicate each provinces demands for ( AYP ) demands differ. However, in each province as a consequence schools neglectin g for four back-to-back old ages or more may confront disciplinary action. Schools in danger of non run intoing the end face effects and may be ordered into certain intercessions. Schools non doing equal annually advancement AYP for 3 back-to-back old ages are considered, † in demand of betterment. † Further McQuillan A ; Salomon-Fernandez ( 2008 ) work provinces that the No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 authorizations that schools, â€Å" in demand of betterment † must do auxiliary instruction services available to pupils in Title 1 schools. Auxiliary instruction services ( SES ) has become significantly critical in the predicament to help each province in run intoing the pupil public presentation benchmarks and hiting proficient on province linguistic communication humanistic disciplines trials. This linguistic communication arts research-based academic aid must be aligned with the province academic criterions set in each province ( Casserly 2007 ) . In a 2008 survey McMullan A ; Salomon-Fernandez explain that SES is offered to the economically deprived pupils who receive the free and reduced-price tiffin plan ( p.1 ) . Students with disablements are non excluded from having these services. Ahearn 2007 ) states that â€Å" auxiliary educational services plans must be consistent with a pupil ‘s single instruction program under Section 614 Persons with Disabilities Act of 2004 ( IDEA ) or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and pupils with disablements must have appropriate auxiliary instruction services and adjustments [ 34 CFR A §A §200. You read "Language Arts For Students With Learning Disabilities Education Essay" in category "Essay examples"46 ( a ) ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) ] † ( p. 1 ) . In add-on, all partnerships and confederations must work together to guarantee that pupils ‘ with disablements auxiliary instruction service instructional services are closely aligned with the pupil single instruction program. Open c ommunicating between, instructors, schools, auxiliary instruction services suppliers and school coordinators is indispensable in guaranting consistent auxiliary educational services. In fact the sharing of pupils with disablements persons instruction programs ( IEP ) is critical in vouching consistent auxiliary educational services. Consequently Ahearn ( 2007 ) states that, â€Å" all auxiliary instruction services suppliers are non required to function pupils with larning disablements nevertheless the jurisprudence does province that, if no supplier is able to supply the appropriate services with necessary adjustments the Local Education Authority ( LEA ) needs to supply these services straight or either through a contract † ( p.2 ) . Background of the Study After-school plans have become a popular attack to heighten academic chances and results of public simple and secondary school kids in the United States Chatterji, Kwon, A ; Sng, ( 2006 ) . Educational organisations such as private and charter schools, every bit good as religions based organisations and private concern may use to go auxiliary instruction services suppliers. Tutoring services or instruction services interested in going a auxiliary instruction services supplier must subject an application to its State Department of Education for blessing so that it may look on a province list of sanctioned suppliers Chatterji, M. , Kwon, Y.A. , A ; Sng, C. ( 2006 ) . Information that is requested to go a supplier covers such countries as the applier ‘s current experience, including the grades/number of pupils served, experience with specific pupil populations, and geographic scene. The applier ‘s basic auxiliary instruction services plan information, including academic topics, class degrees and demands of pupils ‘ served location ; transit, cost, and information refering the applier ‘s plan design ; operations, and organisational capacity are needed. Harmonizing to Chatterji, Kwon and Sng ( 2006 ) , the province may O.K. a supplier merely if it has a demonstrated record of effectivity in increasing pupil accomplishment and will utilize instructional schemes that are high quality, based upon research, and designed to increase pupil academic accomplishment The supplier ‘s services must besides be consistent with the instructional plan, academic content of the province in which she or he wish to offer auxiliary instruction services ( Casserly 2007 ) . The SES supplier must supply auxiliary instruction services that are consistent with federal, province, and local Torahs. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 provinces that there are extremely qualified instructors for every schoolroom, nevertheless the jurisprudence is non specific on the makings of coachs furthermore coachs in auxiliary instruction service plans do non hold to be certified instructors ( Ascher, 2006 ) . Some auxiliary instruction service suppliers require developing runing from four to 20 hours and merely a few evaluate their coachs. Casserly ( 2007 ) in speech production of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 provinces that auxiliary service suppliers are to guarantee that their tutoring services c ourse of study are aligned with the province academic criterions and consistent with the direction provided by the local instruction bureau ( LEA ) . However, suppliers in each metropolis course of study are in alining with province criterions to the same grade. Casserly ( 2007 ) explains that most suppliers have the same linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and math plan that they use in every province. Many provinces have had to fight with contention environing effectual linguistic communication humanistic disciplines plans. The job is compounded as the figure of suppliers and the assortment of pupil accomplishment shortages grows. Marzano ( 2003 ) work adds that the new epoch of school reform is the high accent on informations. He explains that the accent is for schools to utilize informations to place likely successful intercessions and utilize informations to find the effectivity of pupil accomplishment. Further, he states that schools must look carefully at the research and so use alterations. Marzano ‘s reform is to near alteration on an incremental footing. To exemplify this, Marzano ( as cited in Reynolds, Teddlie, Hopkins, and Springfield 2000 ) described a schools acceptance of a new course of study and instructional plan bit by bit alternatively of all at one time. States must take their clip with the execution of auxiliary instruction services linguistic communication humanistic disciplines plans in finding the effectivity of each plan. Wenger ( 2001 ) research suggest that auxiliary instruction services linguistic communication humanistic disciplines plans should be an extension of the school twenty-four hours for pupils designed to heighten larning with pedagogues working together and sharing cognition in the attempt to further pupil larning. The literature on auxiliary instruction services and pupils with larning disablements suggest that small is known about pupils with disablements who are accessing auxiliary instruction services ( Ysseldyke, J. , Lehr, C. , A ; Bulygo, A. 2008, January 1 ) . In a papers prepared by the Project Forum at the National Association of State Directors of Particular Education ( NASDSE ) they expresses the demand for auxiliary instruction service suppliers that specialize in tutoring for pupils with larning disablements and the demand for experient forces that are prepared to guarantee that the pupil ‘s single instruction program ( IEP ) is in closer alliance with the pupil â⠂¬Ëœs auxiliary educational service instructional program. In an article on auxiliary instruction services under NCLB by Eileen Ahearn in a opinion given by the United States Department of Education, June 13, 2005 p.10-11 auxiliary instruction services must be consistent with the pupil single instruction program under 614 Persons with Disabilities Act ( IDEA ) or the pupil ‘s individualised services under Section 504 † ( Ahearn 2007 p.2 ) . Hargreaves ( 1995 ) proposed the thought proposing effectual educational alteration requires the educational environment to be a â€Å" moving mosaic, † non an environment feature of inactive, chiseled functions and boundaries. Alternatively, the boundaries flexible and antiphonal to what occurs during the alteration procedure. The traveling Mosaic Fosters collaboration through webs, partnerships, and confederations within and beyond the school scene. Problem Statement There is a job in the N. N. Virginia Public School territory. Despite that fact that Supplemental Education Services plans mandates that schools necessitating academic betterment must do free tutoring available to pupils who receive the free and reduced-price tiffin plan in Title I schools. School SES coordinator and SES directors continue to confront challenges with supplying linguistic communication humanistic disciplines services to pupils with larning disablements in the upper simple class degrees. A possible cause of this job as stated by Ahearn ( 2007 ) is that that there are merely a few experient forces in the auxiliary instruction services tutoring plans trained to guarantee that the pupil ‘s single instruction program is in close alliance with the pupils ‘ auxiliary instruction service instructional program. A survey by Ahearn ( 2007 ) confirmed that SES suppliers are frequently encouraged by the school territories to function pupils with larning disablements, although the staff may non hold the experience and preparation to function them. Casserly ( 2007 ) acknowledged that the NCLB ( 2002 ) mandates â€Å" extremely qualified instructors † for every schoolroom during the twenty-four hours nevertheless ; the jurisprudence is non specific on the makings of coachs. Coachs in auxiliary instruction service plans are non required to be certified instructors. Possibly a survey which investigates the challenges SES directors and school coordinators face when supplying SES service to pupils with disablements will be to research the demand for experient forces who are prepared to guarantee that the pupils with larning disablements SES programs are in closer alliance with their IEP. The intent of this survey is to analyze the challenges that SES directors and coordinators face when supplying services to upper simple pupils with larning disablements. The survey includes elaborate indebt informations aggregation of one of Virginia school territories SES directors and school coordinators challenges with supplying linguistic communication humanistic disciplines services to upper simple pupils. My hypothesis will turn to the extent to which holding experienced and trained forces able to guarantee pupils ‘ IEPs are in close alliance with auxiliary instruction service instructional programs is indispensable in bettering pupil accomplishment for upper simple pupils with larning disablements and the challenges directors and school coordinators have when supplying services to pupils with larning disablements. Outcome-based ratings will be used to find the extent to which pupils with disablements are having auxiliary instruction services. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this qualitative instance survey will be to research the demand for experient forces who are prepared to guarantee that the pupils with larning disablements SES programs are in closer alliance with their IEP. The survey will research the experiences of auxiliary instruction service supplier ‘s directors and school coordinators. The purpose of this survey is to understand the perceptive of the auxiliary instruction service supplier ‘s directors and school coordinators consciousness of the instructional patterns for pupils with larning disablements in auxiliary instruction services plans. Information gained from this survey can help educator leading within the K-12 context on whether there is a demand for more rigorous demands for trained staff in auxiliary instruction services plans able to vouch that pupils with larning disablements supplemental educational services are consistent with a pupil ‘s single instruction program under Section 614 ( vitamin D ) Individuals with Disabilities Act ( IDEA ) or the pupil ‘s individualised services under Section 504. Nature of the Study The survey used a qualitative instance survey method. Creswell ( 2007 ) states that the research worker in a survey selects persons for a survey because they have purposeful information and apprehension of the research job. The SES school coordinators and SES directors have direct cognition of the challenges they face when tutoring pupils with disablements in SES Programs. A qualitative interview allows the research worker to verify information from other beginnings or information developed by the research worker ( Hatch 2002 ) . Rubin states that the qualitative interview will let the research worker to arouse elaborate information about the research subject by following up on replies given by the interviewee during the treatment ( p. 4 ) . A qualitative instance survey method of research has been chosen to reply the research inquiries for this survey. A qualitative position attack allowed for a more in-depth survey into the services for pupils with larning disablements in auxiliary instruction services plans. Qualitative research is done when the referees wants to authorise participants to portion their narrative. The features of a qualitative research survey include researching human behaviour in research in its natural scene, garnering field notes, carry oning interviews and roll uping artefacts or records and instance surveies ( Hatch, 2002 ) . In a qualitative survey informations is gathered straight by the research worker and can be debatable in footings of prejudices on the portion of the research wor ker. The accent of the survey was to research the extent to which the supplemental instruction services directors and school coordinators provide services to pupils with larning disablements. Participants from this survey included six auxiliary instruction services directors and six auxiliary instruction school coordinators. Each coordinator was hired by the school system to coordinator auxiliary instruction services in linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and math to simple schools. The auxiliary instruction service directors provided services for simple pupils in linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and math. Research Questions and Hypothesiss The undermentioned research inquiries are addressed in the survey: What are the auxiliary instruction service school coordinators perceived challenges with supplying services to upper simple pupils with larning disablements in auxiliary instruction service linguistic communication humanistic disciplines plans? 2. What are the auxiliary instruction service managers/directors perceived challenges with supplying services to upper simple pupils with larning disablements in the auxiliary instruction service linguistic communication humanistic disciplines plans? 3. Explain the relationship between the challenges for auxiliary instruction service managers/directors and school coordinators who provide services to upper simple pupil with larning disablements? Definition of Footings Auxiliary instruction services ( SES ) : A auxiliary instruction services plan that requires schools in academic betterment to supply free tutoring to pupils who receive the free and reduced-price tiffin plan. Auxiliary instruction services ( SES ) supplier: A auxiliary instruction services supplier is a tutoring service that offers auxiliary instruction services. No Child Left Behind Act of 2002: The No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 is a set of federal plans that necessitating provinces to better the academic accomplishment of public school pupils considered at hazard for school failure. Coach: A coach is a individual employed to teach another in some subdivision or subdivisions of acquisition, or a private teacher. Academic Appraisals: Academic appraisals are a set of high-quality, annually pupil academic appraisals that include, at a lower limit, academic appraisals in mathematics, reading or linguistic communication humanistic disciplines, and scientific discipline that will be used as the primary agencies of finding the annual public presentation of their State. Free and Reduced-Price Lunch Eligible: The free and decreased monetary value tiffin plan provides free and reduced-price school tiffins to pupils based on the pupil ‘s household ‘s income. Adequate Yearly Progress ( AYP ) : Adequate annual advancement is a step of pupil accomplishment on the province appraisal in reading and mathematics. Title I Eligible School: A Title I school is a public school in which a per centum of kids are from low-income households. Local Education Authority ( LEA ) : The local instruction authorization is a board of instruction that supervises public simple or secondary schools. Public School Choice: Public school pick is a plan in which the chance is given to pupils in a school identified as necessitating betterment to reassign to a better public school in their territory. State Educational Agency ( SEA ) : The State Education Agency is responsible for the State supervising of public simple and secondary schools. Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ESEA ) : The Elementary and Secondary Education Act is a major federal jurisprudence impacting k-12th grade instruction enacted in 1965. Premises Auxiliary instruction services have the potency of bettering pupils ‘ public presentation, but it is non clear if the additions that were made in several schools are attributed to auxiliary instruction services. The literature discussed the demand for auxiliary instruction services plans to incorporate the Individual Education Plan of pupils with larning disablements into the pupils ‘ tutoring plan, but did non province how and to what extent. This survey will set up the demand for experient forces who are prepared to guarantee that the pupils with larning disablements auxiliary educational service instructional program is in closer alliance with their single instruction programs and to what extent auxiliary instruction services plans are run intoing the demands of pupils with larning disablements. Restrictions Auxiliary instruction services plans and school territories may overstate claims if they think it will demo their plan or school in a more positive mode. Certain subjects will cover with actions or beliefs for which there is a socially favorite place. Auxiliary instruction services suppliers may non maintain a record of their services from the old twelvemonth. Therefore, auxiliary instruction services tutoring suppliers may non be able to place the pupils with larning disablements in their auxiliary instruction services plan, or the makings of the coachs supplying services to the pupils with larning disablements in their plans. The interviews will be conducted confidentially. Interview books will be approved by the thesis commission ; this will assist to guard against research worker prejudices which could interfere with the reading of the informations. Significance of the Study A survey analyzing the demand for experient and trained staff for pupils with larning disablements in Supplemental instruction services linguistic communication humanistic disciplines tutoring plans is relevant to educator leading within the K-12 context and the greater professional instruction community. Researching auxiliary instruction for pupils with larning disablements will advance positive societal alteration by guaranting that pupils with larning disablements receive a just and appropriate instruction and that all partnerships and confederations work efficaciously and take a collaborative attempt to vouch success for all pupils. The research on auxiliary instruction services has determined that this is the first clip federal financess have been used to pay for pupil tutoring services outside of the school system ( Ahearn, 2007 ) . This job affects all pupils with larning disablements because these pupils must as every bit of import base on balls the Virginia province ( linguistic communication humanistic disciplines ) Standards of Learning ( SOL ) trial. Researching auxiliary instruction for pupils with larning disablements will advance positive societal alteration by guaranting that pupils with larning disablements receive the extra aid they need to hold in order for them to have an equal and appropriate instruction and that all partnerships and confederations work efficaciously and take a collaborative attempt to vouch pupil success and accomplishment. Summary and Transition A qualitative instance survey will be used for this survey. The principle for this qualitative instance survey will find the demand for experient and trained staff for pupils with larning disablements in auxiliary instruction services simple linguistic communication humanistic disciplines tutoring plans. The survey will include six Virginia auxiliary instruction service directors and managers and six auxiliary instruction services coordinators from one school division in the province of Virginia take parting in the auxiliary instruction services simple linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and math plans. The research worker ‘s aims will be made clear to the auxiliary instruction services directors and managers verbally and in authorship. The participants, rights, involvement and wants will be considered when picks are made sing describing the information ( Creswell 2009, p.149 ) . A cryptography system will be developed and used for the interviews to let easy reading of participant ‘s responses. Chapter 2 represents a reappraisal of literature that gives an analysis of auxiliary instruction services, the increasing figure of auxiliary instruction suppliers and the effectivity of the auxiliary instruction services plans. Chapter 3 discusses the research method to be used for the quantitative study research survey. Chapter 4 and 5 explores the quantitative research survey, the informations aggregation, written text of the interviews, study and the eventful illations. Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal Experienced and trained forces are needed to guarantee pupils ‘ IEP ‘s are in close alliance with auxiliary instruction service instructional programs are indispensable in bettering pupil accomplishment for pupils with larning disablements. This survey will look into the challenges directors and managers in SES plans and school system forces have when functioning pupils with larning disablements. Highlighted in this survey are the plants of Marzano, Hargreaves, and Wenger. Hargreaves ( 1995 ) suggested that effectual educational alteration requires the educational environment to be a † traveling mosaic † that Fosters collaboration through webs, partnerships, and confederations within and beyond the school scene. The literature reappraisal was conducted through scholarly articles, and research databases that focused on analyzing the demand for experient forces who are prepared to guarantee that the pupils with disablements auxiliary educational service ILP is i n closer alliance with their IEP. Supplemental instruction services information was obtained by seeking relevant databases. Survey studies and related articles from 2002 to show. Walden ‘s Dissertation and Theses database, EBSCO, and ERIC served as Tier 1 and 2 database resources. Datas on the school territories non doing AYP was obtained through the Virginia Department of Education web site and imperativeness studies and NEA province affiliates. The hunt footings used in this survey include auxiliary instruction services, auxiliary instruction services ( SES ) supplier, No Child Left Behind Act of 2002, Tutor, Academic Assessments, and Adequate Yearly Progress ( AYP ) , Individual Education Plan, Individual Learning Plan and pupils with larning disablements. The subjects in instruction that led the research worker to form the presentation of literature into the undermentioned subdivisions include: The Procedure of Informing Parents, The Amount of SES Providers, Classroom Curr iculum and SES Reading and Math plans, SES Effectiveness. This chapter seeks to reply the undermentioned inquiry as it relates to the research inquiries that guide the survey: What are school leaders and SES Manages and managers perceived challenges with the SES simple linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and math tutoring plan? What are some challenges staff members encounter when working with pupils with larning disablements in SES plans? The Procedure of Informing Parents Under the No Child Left Behind Act parents are able to take a supplier for their kid from the state-approved supplier list. Although parents can bespeak the aid of their local school, parents make the concluding determination. Parents must guarantee that their kid attends and participates suitably in the auxiliary services Sessionss and work with the school territory and the supplier to develop and place specific academic accomplishment ends for their kid. The quality of territory presentment letters varied well ; some were easy to read and presented the options in a positive visible radiation, while others were confounding, discouraged the usage of the options, or were biased in favour of district-provided services. This makes it progressively hard for parents to take the most appropriate auxiliary instruction services supplier for their kid. Classroom Curriculum and Language Arts and Math Programs Auxiliary instruction suppliers must utilize a high quality, research-based linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and math plan designed to increase pupil accomplishment and consistent with the direction provided by the local instruction bureaus and aligned with the province criterions. Many provinces have had to cope with contention environing â€Å" effectual † linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and math plans. Several suppliers have pre-and post-assessments and merely a few have research-based linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and math plans ( Casserly 2007 ) . The job is compounded as the figure of suppliers addition and the assortment of pupil accomplishment shortages grows. It seems that suppliers in each province are alining their auxiliary instruction plan course of study with province criterions to the same grade. Most suppliers have the same linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and math plan that they use in every provi nce. In a study measuring Supplemental Educational Services ( SES ) in Virginia, conducted by the Center for Research in Educational Policy ( CREP ) at the University of Memphis. In 2007-2008 a big bulk of SES supplier representatives ( 96.5 per centum ) reported that they aligned their services and course of study with local and province academic content and criterions either often or on occasion. Most SES coordinator responses ( 83.4 per centum ) indicated that SES suppliers ‘services were aligned with province and local criterions. The bulk of SES coordinator responses ( 93.9 per centum ) indicated that SES suppliers complied with applicable province and local Torahs. The bulk of SES supplier representatives ( 85.7 per centum ) reported that they were able to accommodate services to each school ‘s course of study either often or on occasion. Three-fourthss of SES supplier representatives ( 75 per centum ) noted that coachs often or on occasion incorporate SES services with schoolroom acquisition activities. The bulk of SES coordinator responses ( 78.8 per centum ) indicated that SES suppliers collaborated to put ends for pupil growing either often or on occasion. Over half of SES division coordinator responses ( 68.2 per centum indicated that supplier ‘s adapted SES services to each school ‘s course of study. The Amount of SES Providers In a survey conducted by the Civil Rights Project, UCLA, 2007 analyzing the tendencies in execution of auxiliary educational services and student engagement in SES, from 2002-03 to 2006-07. The survey concluded that the entire figure of pupils having SES services had increased over a five old ages period. The per centum of eligible pupils really having services declined or leveled off after five old ages. The survey concluded that over a five twelvemonth period the figure of SES suppliers expanded greatly in four of the six provinces studied. In one of the six provinces studied the figure of SES suppliers remains the same and in one of the other provinces included in the survey the figure of SES suppliers declined. The figure of suppliers grew well in all 11 territories. This research survey will research the challenges school auxiliary instruction services coordinators and directors face when functioning simple pupils with disablements. The Effectiveness of SES The Center on Education Policy, 2007 examined attempts provinces have undertaken to transport out the auxiliary educational services demands of NCLB, concentrating on school twelvemonth 2006-07. The survey describes the processs used to reexamine and O.K. possible SES suppliers and the extent to which provinces were able to supervise the quality and effectivity of SES suppliers. There survey drew informations from a autumn 2006 study of province instruction bureau functionaries in 50 provinces. Thirty-eight provinces reported being unable to supervise the quality and effectivity of SES suppliers â€Å" to a great extent. † Merely 10 provinces reported being able to make so â€Å" to a great extent. † States attributed their inability to supervise to deficient staff and financess. The greatest challenges to implementing auxiliary services related to supervising the quality and effectivity of SES suppliers. Forty-one provinces and about half ( 51 % ) of school territories called this a moderate or serious challenge. In a study measuring Supplemental Educational Services ( SES ) in Virginia, conducted by the Center for Research in Educational Policy ( CREP ) at the University of Memphis. In 2007-2008, 35 SES suppliers delivered SES services to 3,344 pupils in 26 school divisions. In entire, 3,344 SES pupils ( 3,758 contracts ) received SES tutoring services from 35 suppliers across 53 schools in 26 divisions in Virginia in 2007-2008. Within the 26 divisions, 55 Title I schools were required to offer SES services. Twenty-six ( 26 ) Selenium suppliers established 1,357 contracts in mathematics, while 32 SES established 2,401 contracts in reading/language humanistic disciplines. In the state-level analysis utilizing informations from all SES suppliers combined, no important differences in either reading/language humanistic disciplines or mathematics public presentation were found between pupils having SES services and those non having SES services. Whil e the study findings revealed overall satisfaction with SES execution and services, all respondent groups noted countries for betterment. These countries include: 1 ) integrating of SES services with schoolroom direction ; 2 ) parental engagement and division aid in advising parents about SES services ; 3 ) limited hours of SES services ; 4 ) monitoring of SES services both at the school site and in places ; and 5 ) transit to and from SES services. Most SES supplier representatives ( 78.6 per centum ) reported that they gave direction to pupils with disablements often or on occasion. Many SES supplier representatives ( 71.5 per centum ) besides reported that they offered appropriate direction to ELL pupils as needed either often or on occasion. Many SES coordinator responses ( 67.4 per centum ) indicated that SES suppliers offered services to particular instruction and ELL pupils. Nineteen ( 19 ) per centum of pupils having SES services ( 572 pupils ) were pupils with disablements. Seven school divisions in Virginia participated in a United States Department of Education ( USED ) pilot for reversal of Public School Choice ( PSC ) and Supplemental Educational Services ( SES ) during the 2007-2008 school twelvemonth. These divisions offered SES to eligible pupils go toing schools in their first twelvemonth of school improveme Chapter 3: Research Methods The chief intent of this survey is to look into the challenges that SES directors and coordinators face when supplying services to elementary pupils with larning disablements. The research worker besides sought to bring out if underdeveloped coaction through webs, partnerships, and confederations within and beyond the school puting would help auxiliary instruction services staff in garnering a broder extended cognition of larning schemes for pupils with larning disabilties. The qualitative instance survey design was used to reply the research questions.. Hatch ( 2002 ) describes five qualitative paradigms rationalist, station rationalist, constructivist, critical/ women’s rightist and poststructuralist. Hatch ( 2002 ) describes a paradigm as a belief system that guides the manner we do things The philosophical qualitative paradigms that guides my research into auxiliary instruction services for pupils with disablements would be the station rationalist paradigm. The station rationalist research worker sees themselves as informations aggregation instruments and studies generalisations based on careful analysis of inte rview informations ( Hatch, 2002 ) . The station rationalist paradigm states that there may be a existent universe out at that place, but it ‘s impossible for worlds to genuinely cognize it ( Hatch, 2002 ) . This qualitative survey will compare the challenges supplemental instruction services school coordinators and directors face with supplying tutoring services to simple pupils with larning disablements. The research inquiries explored the challenges that SES directors and coordinators face when supplying services to simple pupils with acquisition disablements. There were two hypothesis in this survey. There are important challenges with holding untrained particular instruction coachs in auxiliary instruction services simple linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and math plans able to guarantee that pupils with larning disablements single instruction program under Section 614 Persons with Disabilities Act of 2004 ( IDEA ) or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and pupils with disablements must have appropriate auxiliary instruction services and adjustments [ 34 CFR A §A §200.46 ( a ) ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) ] . The undermentioned research inquiries are addressed in this study.1. What are the auxiliary instruction service school coordinators perceived challenges with supplying services to pupils with larning disablements in auxiliary instruction service linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and math plans? 2. What are the auxiliary instruction service managers/directors perceived challenges with supplying services to pupils with larning disablements in the auxiliary instruction service linguistic communication humanistic disciplines and math plans? 3. Explain the relationship between the challenges for auxiliary instruction service managers/directors and school coordinators who provide services to student with larning disablements? How to cite Language Arts For Students With Learning Disabilities Education Essay, Essay examples

The Evolution Of Apple - January 1976 To May 1995 Essays

The Evolution of Apple - January 1976 to May 1995 Let's take a trip back in time and review the evolution of a computer company. It's not IBM or Microsoft. This company is Apple Computers, Incorporated. In the year 1976, before most people even thought about buying a computer for their homes. Back then the computer community added up to a few brainy hobbyist. So when Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs sold a van and two programmable calculators for thirteen hundred dollars and started Apple Computers, Inc., in Jobs garage, the reach for success seemed far. But these two young business men, Wozniak 26 years old and Jobs 21 years old, had a vision. "Computers aren't for nerds anymore," they announced. "Computers are going to be the bicycle of the mind. Low cost computers for everyone." From the first day on the founders of Apple kept their vision intact, and they spoke it at every turn. They only hired people into the company that had the same visions as they did. In early 1976 Wozniak and Jobs finish work on a preassembled computer circuit board. It has no Product keyboard, case, sound or graphics. They call it the Apple I. They form the Apple Computer Company on April Fool's Day and sold the Apple I board for $666.66 at the Home brew Computer Club in Palo Alto, California. In 1977 the Apple II is available to the general public. Fully assembled and pretested, it includes 4K of standard memory, and comes equipped with two game paddles and a demo cassette. The price is $1,298. Customers use their own TV set as a monitor and store programs on audio cassette recorders. Compare this price with computers today. The price about the same, but the computer has changed tremendously. In 1979 Apple II+ is introduced, available with 48K of memory and a new auto-start ROM for easier startup and screen editing for $1,195. Apple II Pascal is also released. In 1980 Apple FORTRAN introduced and proves to be a catalyst for high-level technical and educational applications. Apple III announced at the National Computer Conference. It has a new operating system, a built-in disk controller and four peripheral slots priced at $3,495, the Apple III is the most advanced system in the company's history. Product In 1981 Accessory Products Division formed to handle production of printers, modems and other peripherals. The Apple Language Card is introduced. It allows Apple II users to run programs in either Pascal, FORTRAN or Pilot. The IEEE-488 interface card is announced and allows Apple II computers to be linked to over 1,400 scientific and technical instruments. International Business Machines came on the PC scene in August of 1981 with the IBM Personal Computer. Apple greets its new competitor with a full-page ad in the Wall Street Journal with a headline that reads, "Welcome IBM. Seriously." Apple's first mass storage system was also introduced this year, the 5MB ProFile hard disk, priced at $3,499. In November of 1983 AppleWorks, an integrated package containing word processing, spreadsheet, and database applications all in one, is introduced and will soon become the world's best selling software. In February of 1985 Jobs and Wozniak receive National Technology Medal from President Reagan at the White House. The ImageWriter II, HD-20 hard disk and Apple Personal Modem were also introduced this year. In January of 1987 Apple introduced a new desktop communications products including the AppleShare file server software and AppleTalk PC Card. They are priced at $799 and $399. Also introduced in 1987 is the AppleFax Modem, priced at $699. Now you get a fax modem with the purchase of an Apple computer. In February of 1988 Apple introduces AppleCD SC, an optical storage device that gives access to huge amounts of information. Priced at $1,199, a single CD-ROM disc can store up to 270,000 pages of typewritten information. Also in 1988 Apple files suit against Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard to protect its Macintosh audio visual display. The lawsuit is seen as having industry wide implications regarding copyright laws. In late 1988 Apple introduces the Macintosh IIx computer, priced at $7,769. It is the first Macintosh II computer to use Motorola's 68030 microprocessor and 68882 math co-processor. It is also the first Macintosh to incorporate FDHD, Floppy Drive High Density, Apple's new 1.44MB floppy disk drive that can read and write to MS-DOS, OS/2 and ProDOS formats. Also a new configuration is announced for the Macintosh SE. The new unit features two megabytes of RAM and an internal 40 megabyte hard drive. It retails for $5,069. From April till July of 1989

International Marketing Plan for Tata Nano

International Marketing Plan for Tata Nano The aim of this case study is to develop an international marketing plan for ‘Tata Nano’ the world’s lowest price car with lowest fuel consumption produced by the Tata Motors of India. To carry out the marketing plan, this report will provide historical background and cultural background of host country and give a brief overview of the company and economic analysis of home country India including an export diagnosis of the company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Plan for Tata Nano specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Background of the Company TSL (2011) reported that the Tata group stated it journey in 1868 and now operating in eighty countries with ninety different subsidiaries with a market capitalization of US$ 100.39 billion while its 57% of the revenue comes from export. Donlan (2005) mentioned that in 2003, the hundred and forty years old group of companies announced in the Geneva Motor Show that Tata Motors would produce world’s cheapest car ’Tata- Nano’. In 2006, Tata Motors started to establish its Nano plant at Singur of West Bengal in India by accruing 1,000 acres of land, which was disturbed by the political violence of farmers who were not willing to give agricultural land for Nano plant. After trilateral negotiation with the government political parties and entrepreneurs Tata Nano successfully came in the market in March 2009 and the market response were more than expectation due to the world’s cheapest car with highest energy efficiency both in home and abroad. However, this brand is popularly known as a raise- engine, cheap, four- passenger city automobile and it is generally a silver bodied car. Some common features of this product include single windscreen wiper, three pull nets on wheels, single mirror without CD player or radio along with airbags and power steering and 623cc engine, etc. The Nano has three basic models offering distinct patterns of additional values regarding without additional benefits, with air condition and with power windows along with air condition. According to the annual report 2010 of this company, its outer layout has designed by Italian Institute of Development in Automotive Engineering, and its engine configurations involve 2 cylinder petrol, value of Motronic engine, 35 PS power, 48 N.m Torque and the compression ratio of 9:5:1. Regarding suspension, brakes and tires, the car has 180 mm of front and 180 mm of rear brake, 1315 mm of rear and 1325 mm of from track and finally, McPherson strut of front and free coil spring of rear suspension while its wheels are sized as 12 inches. It has the average speed of 60 km/h with the maximum limit of 105 km/h a full efficiency is 23.6 km per liter; however, it is a rear wheel drive car that has 4 speeds manual spreads with automatic rack and pinion steering with 4 meters of revolving radius. Various entities supply i ts multiple parts among them some are Bosch, Caparo, Delphi, Ficosa, GKN, Mahle, TRW, Visteon and AG etc. (Tata Nano, 2011)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More PEST analysis The PEST analysis of Tata Nano for US market is shown below- Political factors: USA is the country that has relatively stable government with specific and advantageous business policies for foreign companies, like- Tata. Also the country’s local government already has several trading relations with various Indian vendors which would leverage the introduction of Nano into that country (USA Forum, 2011). Economic factors: The overall economic condition of USA is very well and for this, it is considered the strongest economy in the world. Thus, Tata needs to consider a number of integral factors, like- interest rates, inflation and unemployment level and GDP etc. because those factors can posit ively or negatively affect the sales and profitability from the product (USA Forum, 2011). Socio- cultural factors: It incorporates prime religion, local attitude towards imported products, projected influence of language, recreation and leisure pattern of people, environmental concern and the practice of green marketing, family pattern and life cycle etc. (USA Forum, 2011). Technological factors: One of the prime characteristics of US consumers is that they are highly technologically advanced than many other consumers of other parts of the world. So, this factor includes customer affordability to enjoy new technology, habituation of using online distribution channel and the potential to use technology more than product differentiation as providing customer service or promotion (USA Forum, 2011). Relevant History Library of Congress (2004) pointed out that India is one of the Asian emerging economies that became independent in 1947 coming out from British colonial rule more than a t wo centuries, the country upholds multi party federal democratic system based on secularism and social justice. In context of population, India is the world’s prevalent democratic country that has successfully evidenced balance of power between the central and state government with rich diversity of nations while the country huge political unrest with a number of isolation movements. Kujur (2008) mentioned that the remarkable political and social unrest of India has aligned with underground political organizations like Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of India, People’s War Group, Maoist Communist Centre and Naxal Movement all these go with arms straggle that seriously hampered the smooth investment environment of country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Plan for Tata Nano specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government and law enforcement agencies have to engage special effort for the unification of the country and to protect terrorist trends of communist groups and liberation activists. The major political parties who are in democratic practice are Congress- that carried out independence, BJP and Left Alliances though there are dozens of regional parties in every state with strong institutional infrastructure to protect isolation or so called liberation movement. With far above the ground religion diversity such as Hindu, Muslim, Buddha, and Christen, Indian political system has ensured human right, freedom of speech, liberty of media, and nourishing scholars to face the challenger of globalization though there are enough evidence of emergency and presidential rule in some provinces. In the province West Bengal where the Tata Nano plant situated, has ruled by left alliance under the leadership of communist party for more than four decades, and the Tata Motors has to face serious political disturbance with its Nano project though the government has strong support for Tata. Population IndexMundi (2011) forecasted that the total population of India is approximately 1,189,172,906 in 2011 while it was 1,173,108,018 in 2010. Initially, the population growth rate was high, but not this rate is reducing dramatically, for instance, in 2004 and 2007, it was 2.91 % and 3.15% approximately and now the growth rate is 1.39%. Figure 1: Total population of India from 2003 to 2011 Source: IndexMundi (2011)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Legal System India is a promising market to the present corporate houses and the legal system of India is very flexible to the multinationals and new entrants as the government tries to ensure the highest possible business-friendly environment to the firms, as a result, the policy makers support to increase Foreign Direct Investments. However, it is notable that commercial legislation regarding labor and environmental concerns are theoretically very strong, but practically practice of labor law and ethical codes is not too standard in terms of remuneration, workplace safety and compensation issues. Distribution System For distributing Nano in the USA, the marketer can import the ‘easy- to- assemble’ kits from their home country and then the products should assemble at certain locations. After that, the company should redistribute the finished cars to the various showrooms throughout the country and fifty sales centers can be opened for this purpose (TNN, 2011). Gross Na tional Product (GNP) of India: ICAI (2008) pointed out that Indian GNP[1] calculated by adding net factor incomes from foreign counties with GDP[2] and subtracting the foreigners income from India while it is equated as GNP = GDP + NFIA [3]; NFIA indicates the balance of export earning and import spending. In this process, service rendered for free of cost are not taken into account of GNP, at the same time capital gains and losses are also dropped from this calculation as they are not the consequence of concurrent economic activities of that year. During the 10th five years plan India targeted 8% GNP growth but in practically the country has gained 7.6 % while the country pointed to gain 8.5 %. Zaman et al (2008) added that there is no particular standard to identify the gross national income in India, it has incorporated a number of factors, while the economic growth of the country are benchmarking with GNP growth, per capita income, renovation with multidimensional course of acti on connecting the restructuring and progress of entire economy with social systems. At the same time in Indian, the improvements of incomes and outputs are characteristically engross with fundamental changes in institutional infrastructure, education, social and political alignments, different ethic groups along with administrative structure. The export data of Indian statistically demonstrates noteworthy positive signs and its export are in intensifying with upper trend that point toward potency of the economy while the FDI[4] inflow in the country is a vital concern of the economy that has presented statistically momentous progress. The Indian GNP from 1990 to 2006 has demonstrated in the following table as follow- Figure 2: Indian GNP Table 1970 – 2006 Source: Zaman et al (2008) WUSTL (2011) pointed out that the Indian economy is the world’s eleventh largest economy with GNP of US$ 2400 billion in context of purchasing power parity while the agriculture sector cont ributes 25.3 %, industrial production donates 26.2 %, manufacturing segment produces 15.1 %, and rest 33.4 % contributed by the service sector. For the country has been progressing in its GNP growth at a targeted growth of 8 % and the driving force laid behind for such achievement are the democratic society with low cost labor, vibrant capital market, and liberalized capital market and open window for foreign direct investment. Principal Industrial Sector of India The raising sectors of India those are aimed to compete in the global market are as biotechnology, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, iron, steel, chemicals, vehicles, entertainment, alternative energy resources, software, and information technology and the country already proved its successful footstep for IT industry while major multinational companies are deeply concerned with the Indian market. WUSTL (2011) also added that the major growth driver of Indian economy and the biggest asset for future growth is its competent pe ople while the population of the country has been growing at 1.8% per year with increasing education rate and the domestic customer market is growing 5 to 10 percent per annum. Principal Exports Johansson (2008) stated that exporting means the promotion and direct sells of locally manufactured products in the foreign market and it is a well-developed and conventional form of strategy to capture international markets. As a result, export is the core basis of revenue for the India’s financial system because it generates huge amount of money from this segment and earning from exports is increasing per year, for instance, India’s net exports earning was approximately $168.2 billion in 2010 whereas economists estimate $201 billion in current year (IndexMundi, 2010). However, the following figure demonstrates the actual figure of exports from 2003 to 2011 Fiscal Year Total Imports ($billion) Rank 2003 44.50 32 2004 57.24 31 2005 69.18 33 2006 76.23 33 2007 112. 00 29 2008 151.30 25 2009 176.40 25 2010 168.20 21 2011 201.00 22 Figure 3: Net Exports Source: IndexMundi (2011) Trade Deficits Library of Congress (2004) India’s negative trade balance has grown gradually from last three decades such as in 2010 exports were $168.20 billion and imports were $253.90 billion, resultant Trade Deficits were of $85.7 billion whereas Indexmundi (2011) estimated that this negative balance of trade would be more than $126 billion. Figure 4: Surplus or Trade Deficits Source: Trading Economics (2011) Cultural Analysis Education and literacy rates: The US government is basically responsible for providing education with three sectors of funds as state, federal and local. More than 77% people have completed their educational life from kindergarten to graduation level. Among the adults, more than 85% have finished their high school level and 27% have completed bachelor’s degree or more. This sophisticated educational background of the c ountry is an optimistic factor for Nano since education assists knowledge and such knowledge would help US customers to understand the technical and general superiority of the car. For example, the white color car purchasers would be highly conscious about the safety issue of a car rather than any other configurations. In this regard, Nano would be able to gain much of their attention because of its careful safety arrangements (USA Forum, 2011). Social classes In USA, social class is a mixture of educational achievement, occupational and income sovereignty that influences its culture highly. In general, there are three layers of social classes as high, medium and low. The upper section involves in luxury consumptions and leisure. The middle class is commonly identified as the educated class having some key values. Although their budget is limited, they often have more opportunity to enjoy more travels and vacation. They want to have such consumptions which can be obtained at lowest price and yield in highest return. They are not at economy level but they are to maintain economy at their living. The working class is the top sufferer of economic vulnerability. This class and many middle class individuals frequently face job downsize. Moreover, the US workforce is highly productive as the average per week working hour is above 40 hours (USA Forum, 2011). In these circumstances, the Nano can be offered for the middle and especially the low class segment of US society. Since the car is positioned as an affordable item for all, this segment can easily find it suitable for both purchase and usage. The middle class would also prefer it by considering the economy along with the competitive advantages offered by the Nano (USA Forum, 2011). Belief system Most of the Americans commonly believe in equal opportunity for all in the society. Here, the concept of individuality and self- expression are highly emphasized. Competition is also a common thought which is practiced b y progressive attitude for improvement. For them, tradition is less valuable as they trust in rationality rather than emotion for taking any decision. This attitude is motivating for Nano as if they find it better than other American cars; they would be interested for buying this car. The integral parts and other value added features of Nano would be able to attract the rational sense of satisfaction of local customers (Virtual USA, 2011). Language Above 97% of Americans speak in English although there are above 300 native languages. Some other commonly used native languages are Spanish, Indo- European, Pacific Islander and Asian languages etc. The American dialect is called American English which has 4 major divisions involving south, north- eastern, mid- western and inland north. Both local and immigrants use English as a common language that acts as the symbol of cultural integration and can also influence the performance of Nano. Language can act as common form of promotional de vice for Nano. For example, one customer can express his/ her positive feeling about the car to another one by using language and thus form viral marketing (USA Forum, 2011). Living conditions and leisure Housing is a prime factor of living conditions. In urban areas of USA, most of the families live in semi- attached houses and apartments. Existence of dwelling houses, business units, shopping malls and educational institutes as a single unit is also common here. Urban dwellers also need to have more travel by mass transportation while children are familiar for walking or driving bicycle than rural areas. Life is comparatively busy and hasty in urban areas rather than rural ones. Thus, the small, city car image of Nano would be highly meaningful for accelerating such pattern of busy life. Since having a personal transport is very essential regarding the American living standard, the evolvement of Nano can satisfy such requirement with its size, engine and speed etc. (Virtual USA, 2 011). The Americans undertake a number of activities during their weekly holidays and vacations. Around the year, outdoor is the most common form of enjoying leisure. Some other forms of holiday activities are hiking, sailing, skiing, camping and mount riding etc. Participation of professional and non- professional sports is equally well- known there. The role of a private car is significant for enjoying that different types of leisure tasks, especially for outdoor. For many small families having the maximum members of 4 and single college or university students who want to spend their weekend at hill top, river side or jungle camp, Tata Nano would be the perfect choice regarding the overall size, passenger capacity and longevity of the car. Its 4 wheel driving condition would also be preferred by those who want to pass their vacation on rough hilly areas (USA Forum, 2011). Music and folklore Among a number of versions, American young generations and teens basically prefer rocking a nd cheerful music. This is particularly true when they go for a long drive alone or accompanied by some friends or simply enjoy a party. Folklore has also various dimensions regarding patriotism or fascination for cultural values which can be a symbol of expressive culture. Since the choice of music and orientation of folklore can significantly affect customer’s preference and attitude towards a product, both those factors would be notable for the US market expression of Nano (Virtual USA, 2011). Others There are some other cultural elements that should be considered for Tata Nano in USA. Such as- Family patterns: Divorce is a common phenomenon of American culture. Almost all the Americans commonly face this incident at least once in their life. For this, the trend of living in a single father or single mother family is increasing. Many also remarry; having kids and then continues a nuclear family. Thus, the specialization and features of Nano are adjustable for meeting the n eed of such families. Moreover, its low price offer would also be attractive towards those families (USA Forum, 2011). Fashion: Americans believe in flexibility and informality as a part of their fashion whether it is for clothing, eating, traveling or driving. This simplicity would be effective for expanding the market of Nano as the car integrates most of the mandatory parts and eliminates several common but less necessary items, like- CD player (Virtual USA, 2011). Culture of automobiles: In USA, the evolvement of sub- urban areas and the need of working class for communicating with cities are accelerating the need of having a private car. In almost all the states of USA, people have their own automobiles whether the brand or price would be. So, in this situation, the Nano poses a wide market potential since the car can be offered for a larger group of people for whom it is one of their primary needs (USA Forum, 2011). Evaluation of the Possible Success of Product The growth rate of the world economy declined from 5.2% in 2007 to 3.2% in 2008 because of global financial downturn and this crisis has started from the US market. The impact of this economic downturn was severe in this market as many companies has collapsed or insolvent due to liquidity crisis of Banks, corporate frauds or other financial management problems. On the other hand, Banks had not interested to provide car loan because of increasing number of unemployment rate and unstable market condition, which increased the risk of failure to pay back. As a result, it was difficult for the middle class people to purchase large and luxuries cars within their budget and this force creates the opportunity for the small car manufactures to enter the developed countries with their low cost products. However, Ruddick (2009) in The Telegraph reported that the largest automobile market has fallen dramatically due to recessionary pressure regarding unstable oil prices and lower employment ratio. In addition , market leader General Motors has also experienced unfortunate loss as in 2009, GM’s sales have been lowered by 30% than 2008 and this company had fired international white- collar payroll from 73000 to 63000 with downsizing of 3400 US employees (General Motors, 2010). However, the market position of GM has declined with the overall market demand after 2008, but it is important to mention that Toyota and other companies have already stared to manufacture small cars in order to create market demand for small sized products and the customers have showed positive response. On the other hand, IFC (2011) reported that the government of US is not interested to establish foreign companies by FDI, but this crisis must influence the government to reduce tax for foreign companies and flexible entry requirements. As a result, it can assume that the market would be profitable for Tata Nano as the market share of these Japanese companies is increasing in this market. Characteristics of t he Possible Market The new entrants enjoy huge facilities and greater flexibility in this market because it is the greatest and most technologically dominant economy in the globe. According to the report of IFC (2011) and Indexmundi (2011), this is the right place for developing products or expanding existing business though newcomers have to face high competition with other entry barriers, but the per capita GDP US$47,400 would minimize these risks. Indexmundi (2011) estimated that more that 12% people of US below poverty line and more than 4.43% Asian migrants who have straggle to sustain in this country. They also need transportation facilities, but they have not enough money to fulfill their demand, so, they can purchase Tata Nano as it is a comfortable, safe, well-weathered, low emission, and high fuel efficient model. On the other hand, Indexmundi (2011) reported that the unemployment rate is increasing day-by-day, for instance, present unemployment rate of the US is 9.3%, whi ch was 5.8% in 2003. However, increase rate of unemployment influences the current market position and purchasing power of customers in many ways, such as, bank would not ensure large fund for car. At the same time, middle class and higher class people would like to purchase luxury cars, but there are many small families and single person who also buy small car for their regular uses or reduce fuel costs. However, there are many companies (like McDonalds, KFC, Fedex, and so on) those offer home delivery services and these companies require transportation system, therefore, local multinational companies can be potential target market of Tata Nano. Description and Characteristics of Competition Tata Motors has to compete with numerous direct and indirect auto manufacturers though it is one of the most prominent and the largest markets in the world. However, this company may face hard competition from some other alternative transportation besides large and small, for instance, a signif icant part of the community use public transportation like bus, railways, trams and so on. According to the annual report 2010 of Tata, international business of the company had adversely affected by the financial crisis in the main markets, but its’ integrate market share of small vehicle sector has increased by 13.3% and developed brand image in global market. However, this brand has to face instance competition in local market as many companies like Maruti Suzuki Ltd and Bajaj Auto produce small cars, but Tata Nano has to compete with other multinational like General Motors, Hyundai, and Toyota, which are now manufacturing small cars to compete with Nano to attract middle class customers (Tata Nano, 2011). Tata Nano’s Distribution in the US Market Noronha (2005) pointed out that Tata Group has long integration with US market from early 1900s with a huge segment of product and services while the company has enlisted in the New York Stock Exchange with eighty offices all over the USA with ten thousand employments, thus Tata Motors would get some competitive advantage to establish distribution channel for Tata Nano. Tata Nano being the world’s lowest price car, has a great market demand in rural and urban low-income level people under the current recessionary economy, thus it would be suitable for the company to adopt free distribution channel rather than engaging territorial distributor. The company would first establish at least five sales and service centre covering the US market and all car distributors of US market arte entitled to collect Tata Nano from these points for their customers. Every distributor would facilitate with handsome commission package depending on their sales volume. The Economic Times (2011) reported that the Tata Motors has already gained a good customer base by purchasing British Auto Company for its Jaguar Land Rover that has an existing market in the US territory. To distributing Tata Nano, the company has the opportunity to involve the distribution channel of Jaguar Land Rover that would provide a strong distribution with less effort. It has predicted from the car dealer study that such a low price car with low fuels consumption – 54 miles for each gallon of gas would be preferable for the US market even if the price stands at US$ 10,000 and a large number of dealers are interested to act as Tata Nano’s distributor. Advertising, Promotion and Media used to communicate Product Tata Motors Ltd is going to undertake several strategic methods in order to boost its sales-configuration in existing market as well as to aware people of prospective market about the features of the products. However, its advertising strategies are now focusing on gratifying and impressing the people who put across abhorrence over Tata’ cars, but the advertising policy for the US market should different from existing market to create market demand with strong market position. Therefore, the ma rketer of Tata Nano Brand should consider effective media and promotional strategies to communicate with the customers to develop loyal customer base in the US small car market. However, the marketer will arrange integrated marketing communications (IMC) campaign to aware people about the advantage of this brand to save the environment from air pollution and to get economic benefit in this recessionary period. As the promotional strategy of the Tata Motors varies in accordance with changing consumer attitudes, demands, and other external factors, the marketer should mainly consider the environmental, socio-cultural and economical factors of the US market in order to arrange IMC campaign and other promotional activities. Media Plan Key Features Web site Initially, the marketers of Tata Nano will require to find out the web designers or programmers to design an excellent Website with integration of latest software because the US customer mostly collect information from the web co ntent and they also ask feedback by using the company’s website. As a result, they will highlight the main features of the model, key advantage to purchase this car, environmental concern, materials, safety measures and so on; You Tube Nowadays, TV. YouTube was launched in the year of 2005 as a video sharing website which allows users to download, upload, and view as well as share videos, but it is now the most popular and successful website of video sharing service in the cyber world. In addition, YouTube was providing over two billion videos per day, which is almost twice as many as the prime-time audience of all three main US television networks together; therefore, it could replace the traditional television and become the new television Social Networking Site As social networking sites contributed significantly over Tata’s marketing activities, it will use social networking sites like Facebook, Flickr, Twitter, and Linkedin in order to attract more customers i n the US zone; Billboard and Hoardings these can be every powerful media if the company can utilize this media by conducting proper market research Television Advertising is a type of communication that continuously imposes into people’s daily lives though people do not pay much attention to it, its form of persuasion, and of the extent how it manipulates the culture. At the same time, the Therefore, the marketer will use this media as one of the most effective sources to create customer attention; Radio The cost of advertisement in radio is lower than television, therefore, Tata Motors can also use this media to advertise its Tata Nano Brand Search Engine link in Google, yahoo, MSN and other sites are useful promotional tools for Tata Motors; Newspaper Advertisement in the newspaper is also effective tools Table 1: Media Plan for Tata Nano in the US market Source: Self generated Price Range for Competing Products Conklin (2005) reported that the entry of Japanes e auto makers like Toyota, Honda and Nisan have already reduced the market share of the General Motors, and Volkswagen by creating strong customer base in the US car market by using low cost strategies. At the same time, Tata Nano is the cheapest car brand in the world, which has long experience to enter new market and capture large share within short period using different strategies beside pricing strategy. However, different company setup the price range considering different factors such as market competition, production costs, direct margin, purchasing power of the customers and many other factors. As Tata Nano is marketed with lowest price structure, it can assume that it will ask cheapest price in the US market though the price would be comparatively higher than the price of other Asian countries. However, the rationale behind this pricing strategy would be included the extra costs to incorporate new features to decrease CO2 emissions and increase the safety measure in the mo del of Tata Nano. According to the annual report 2010 of Tata Motors, the price of this brand is only $2500 for international market, but this price changes considering the specific requirements of the markets and external environment, such as, the price of Tata Nano is higher in EU zone. However, Ramesh (2009) reported in The Guardian that the company would develop the European Nano to fulfill the requirements of the USA market in terms of higher safety standards includes airbags and antilock brakes. As a result, Tata Nano will set up the price of this brand considering EU market where the additional features make this brand more expensive. However, the company can ask $6,000 to $6500 to introduce this brand in the US market because Ramesh (2009) reported it has already asked more than â‚ ¤4000 in the EU market. Market Size and Sales Estimates According to the data of the World Street Journal, the US market is really potential to the small and Eco friendly car makers. However, W SJ (2011) reported that about 546,687 cars were sold in the US market in May 2011, among these cars 196,498 were small sized. However, it is important to note that the prospect of small cars is better than luxury cars or large cars in this market because the auto makers aggregate sale volume was only 73,566 luxury cars and 5,962 large cars in May 2011 (WSJ, 2011). Considering this fact, it can be estimated that the annual sale of small cars would be approximately 2357616 units. However, total car market size is also depend on the On the other hand, the customer behavior of the US market has changed due to the global financial crisis and development of the consciousness about the difficulties of large cars. The recessionary impacts derived the customers to purchase cars at low price and this force influenced small car producers to enter this market. Therefore, it would be easy to Tata Motors to capture large market share of the US car markets with their Tata Nano product. As this com pany needs to invest large amount of fund to enter this market, it is important to estimate approximate sales volume in order to avoid market risks. However, this report suggests that Tata Motors should enter the US market with small sales target at the initial stage, for instance, it sales target should 10000 units per month or 120000 units per year. The actual car sales of first year will direct the company to take further step to increase sales volume in this market. Recommendations From the above discussion, Tata Motors should enter the US market with Tata Nano brand as it has designed and manufactured in such way which assures the low budget customers to purchase a better quality, small size and fashionable car. On the other hand, the biggest competitive advantage of Nano is its cost cutting features would help the company to create market in the post-recessionary period. Since the company is thinking to renovate the electric version of the car, it is also possible that such el ectric version would become the least expensive electric automobile with a range of 130 km and lithium- ion batteries. In addition, the marketers of Tata think that the Nano is safe as the car incorporates some especial features, such as, side arm mirror for passenger, no airbags and wrinkle zone. As the US people highly concern on safety issue, all of these criteria help to have a safe driving at Nano than any other forms of two- wheel cars. Reference List Conklin, D. C. (2005) General Motors: Acting Strategically. Ortario: Richard Ivey School of Business. Donlan, T. (2005). Recent History of Tata Motors (TTM). Retrieved from http://seekingalpha.com/article/2486-recent-history-of-tata-motors-ttm General Motors (2010) Annual Report 2010 of General Motors Company. Retrieved from http://investor.gm.com/pdfs/10-K.pdf ICAI (2008) National Income India: Concept and Measurement. 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